Analysis

Analysis: Drawing a Line

A Story By Jamie Bell

Lin… Lin has been more of a father to me in the last few months than you have in my entire life.

Introduction

This chapter presents an intimate and harrowing ethnography of a psychological breaking point, one where the suffocating atmosphere of long-term emotional abuse is pierced by an unexpected and transformative presence. The central tension is not merely a confrontation between a father and son, but a war for Sunny’s very soul, fought within the claustrophobic confines of a living room that has become a theater for his trauma. The friction at play is a form of subtle emotional warfare, where David’s verbal assaults are designed to dismantle Sunny’s sense of self-worth, a strategy Sunny has historically countered with a dissociative numbness. The arrival of Lin introduces a new, disruptive energy, transforming the dynamic from a one-sided attack into a complex negotiation of power, loyalty, and identity.

The psychological stakes are profoundly high, revolving around Sunny’s capacity to break a cycle of learned helplessness and claim his own narrative. The mood is one of visceral dread that slowly, painstakingly, transmutes into a fragile sense of catharsis. We are situated within a relational landscape defined by a toxic parent-child dyad, a space where love has been conflated with conditional approval and criticism. The chapter’s specific BL flavor emerges from the archetype of the quiet, steadfast protector whose intervention is not one of overt aggression but of profound, unwavering validation. Lin’s presence offers a new model of masculine connection, one based on emotional attunement and co-regulation rather than hierarchical dominance, providing Sunny with the external support necessary to finally voice years of internal suffering.

The narrative subtly gestures toward a broader cultural context of familial expectation and the pressures placed upon young men to conform to predefined notions of success and ambition. David’s accusations of Sunny’s “lack of ambition” and “waste of potential” are not just personal insults but echoes of a societal script that often devalues emotional well-being in favor of material achievement. Sunny’s struggle is therefore not only against his father but against a system of values that has left him feeling perpetually inadequate. Lin’s intervention represents a counter-narrative, one where presence, empathy, and the quiet act of standing with someone are positioned as the most valuable forms of support, challenging the very foundations of the world that has so deeply wounded Sunny.

The Grounded Partner (The Seme Archetype)

Lin’s character offers an examination of the Grounded, or Seme, partner as an anchor of emotional regulation rather than a figure of overt dominance. His psychological profile is one of remarkable stillness, a calm that functions as both a shield and a powerful relational tool. This composure is not passive; it is an active, observant state that allows him to assess the emotional battlefield and intervene with surgical precision. His entrance into the scene is marked by a quiet ownership of the space, an act that immediately destabilizes the established power dynamic. His power is derived not from volume or aggression, but from an unshakeable core of self-possession that renders David’s blustering anger impotent and theatrical.

While his past trauma, or "Ghost," remains unspoken, his profound capacity for co-regulation suggests a history that has necessitated the cultivation of immense inner strength. The "Lie" he might unconsciously maintain is that his role is one of a detached guardian, a simple ally checking in on a friend. However, his actions betray a far deeper emotional investment. The sharpness in his eyes, the deliberate placement of his body as a shield behind Sunny, and the ultimate tenderness of his touch all point to a need that is not purely altruistic. His need for Sunny is masked by his role as protector; in providing Sunny with the safety he lacks, Lin solidifies a bond that appears to be just as essential for his own sense of purpose and connection.

Lin’s "Gap Moe," the unexpected fissure in his stoic facade, is revealed not in a moment of weakness, but in the focused intensity of his protective instincts and the subsequent gentleness of his care. The immovable object becomes a source of profound warmth and comfort. His walls do not crumble into chaos; they transform into a sanctuary exclusively for Sunny. This behavior is influenced by a cultural context that often equates masculine strength with emotional suppression. Lin redefines this script, demonstrating that true strength can manifest as quiet validation and the capacity to hold space for another’s pain. He embodies a modern evolution of the Seme archetype, where control is expressed through emotional stability and power is wielded to create safety rather than to assert dominance.

The Reactive Partner (The Uke Archetype)

Sunny’s interiority provides a poignant study of the Reactive, or Uke, partner whose emotional responses are deeply conditioned by a history of relational trauma. His reactions are driven by a core insecurity rooted in profound paternal neglect and consistent verbal invalidation. The "familiar cold prickle starting under his skin" is a classic trauma response—dissociation as a defense mechanism against overwhelming emotional pain. His initial state is a retreat from the fear of engulfment, the terror of being consumed by his father’s corrosive personality. Lin’s arrival introduces a new, competing fear: the fear of abandonment, the terrifying hope that this safety might be temporary, leaving him even more exposed than before.

His vulnerability, for so long a source of shame and a target for his father, becomes an unintentional gift in this chapter. It is the raw, unfiltered truth of his pain that allows Lin to perceive the full scope of the situation and respond with such attunement. When Sunny finally speaks, his voice cracking with the “weight of years of unspoken grievances,” his vulnerability transforms into a weapon. It is the undeniable truth of his emotional experience that finally disarms his father, hitting a mark that anger or defiance never could. He specifically needs Lin’s stability because his own emotional equilibrium has been systematically destroyed; Lin’s presence acts as an external regulator, a steadying force that allows Sunny’s own nervous system to come back online and access the anger and courage necessary for self-defense.

The narrative perspective remains tightly aligned with Sunny, immersing the reader in his sensory and emotional experience—the feeling of the thick air, the crescents dug into his palms, the jolt of recognition. This alignment fosters a deep empathy, allowing us to understand that his reactions are not "dramatic," as his father claims, but are the logical, painful consequences of his upbringing. External pressures, particularly the weight of his father’s expectations, have shaped him into someone who apologizes for his own feelings. Lin’s quiet validation provides the first real counter-messaging he has likely ever received, giving him permission to exist authentically, with all his messy, painful, and righteous emotions intact.

Mental Health & Emotional Well-Being

This chapter offers a sensitive and insightful examination of the impact of C-PTSD on an individual's sense of self and their capacity for connection. Sunny’s immediate physiological responses—the creeping numbness, the clenched fists, the held breath—are not mere descriptions of sadness but clinical markers of a nervous system caught in a sustained trauma response. His default coping mechanism is dissociation, a psychological retreat from a reality that is too painful to fully inhabit. This state of being has been his only defense, a fragile shield against the relentless barrage of his father’s verbal and emotional abuse. The narrative carefully illustrates how this long-term exposure has eroded his self-worth and suppressed his authentic emotional expression.

Lin’s role in this dynamic can be understood through the lens of attachment theory and the concept of co-regulation. His calm, grounded presence serves as an external anchor for Sunny’s dysregulated nervous system. He does not attempt to fix or dismiss Sunny’s pain; instead, he creates a container of safety that allows Sunny to finally experience and move through his emotions. The line, “It’s okay to hate him,” is a profoundly therapeutic intervention. It is a moment of radical validation that grants Sunny permission to feel what has always been deemed unacceptable, thereby beginning the difficult work of integrating these fractured parts of himself. Lin’s support is not about solving the problem but about surviving the feeling, a critical distinction in trauma-informed care.

The story provides a resonant portrayal of how a secure, empathetic relationship can become a crucible for healing. The contrast between the icy dread Sunny feels from his father and the steady warmth radiating from Lin is a physical manifestation of two opposing relational dynamics: one that wounds and one that mends. Sunny’s cathartic breakdown is not a sign of weakness but a necessary release, a lancing of a wound that has been festering for years. In being held securely by Lin through this process, Sunny experiences a corrective emotional event. He learns, perhaps for the first time, that vulnerability does not have to lead to attack and that his emotional reality is valid, worthy of being seen and held with tenderness.

Communication Styles & Dialogue

The chapter presents a compelling study of how communication, both verbal and non-verbal, functions to deconstruct and rebuild power structures within a confined space. David’s communication style is one of aggressive monologue; he speaks at Sunny, using words as bludgeons intended to diminish and control. His dialogue is filled with accusations and pronouncements, leaving no room for response and reinforcing his position of authority. This verbal dominance is designed to create a closed system where his narrative is the only one that matters, a hallmark of emotionally abusive dynamics.

Lin’s entrance fundamentally disrupts this system, primarily through the strategic use of silence and minimalist speech. His initial lack of words is more powerful than any retort; it creates a vacuum that David’s anger cannot fill, causing it to "shrink" and "shrivel." When Lin does speak, his words are low, even, and declarative. Statements like “Doesn’t sound very private” and “I don’t think Sunny needs to be subjected to this” are not questions or arguments but assertions of a new reality. He doesn't engage with David on his terms but instead redraws the boundaries of the conversation, subtly stripping David of his perceived authority and shifting the locus of power in the room.

The most critical communicative act, however, is the non-verbal exchange between Lin and Sunny. Lin’s physical presence at Sunny’s back is a silent declaration of allegiance, a tangible shield. The “smallest, almost imperceptible nod” he gives Sunny is a quiet permission slip, a transfer of strength that empowers Sunny to finally speak his own truth. This interaction highlights the subtextual nature of their bond; their deepest understanding transcends words. Sunny’s subsequent verbal outpouring is a breakthrough, a shift from years of suppressive silence to courageous, albeit shaky, speech. The chapter observes that true communication in moments of crisis is often felt rather than said, conveyed through a steady gaze, a supportive presence, and the unspoken promise of solidarity.

The Dynamic: Inevitability & Friction

The architecture of Lin and Sunny’s relationship is built on a profound collision of opposing but complementary energies, creating a dynamic that feels less like a choice and more like a psychological necessity. Sunny is a maelstrom of repressed trauma and volatile emotion, a current of anxiety that has been churning without banks. Lin is the bedrock, an immovable and grounding force whose stillness provides the containment Sunny has desperately needed. The friction between them is not one of conflict, but of contact; Sunny’s chaotic energy does not erode Lin but instead reveals the depth of Lin’s strength and compassion. Their specific neuroses fit together with the precision of a key in a lock: Sunny’s deep-seated need for safety and validation is perfectly met by Lin’s innate capacity to provide a non-judgmental, protective presence.

In this dynamic, Lin functions as the Emotional Anchor, the stable point around which Sunny’s turbulent inner world can begin to settle. His consistency and regulated demeanor offer a predictable and safe harbor. Conversely, Sunny acts as the Emotional Catalyst. His raw vulnerability and the crisis precipitated by his father’s visit are what activate the most profound and tender aspects of Lin’s character. It is through Sunny’s pain that Lin’s role is clarified, moving him from a peripheral "friend" to a central, non-negotiable figure in Sunny’s life. This symbiotic exchange, where one provides stability and the other provides the impetus for deeper connection, is what lends their union a sense of fatedness.

This feeling of inevitability is reinforced by the narrative’s pacing and the almost supernatural quality of Lin’s arrival. He appears not by chance, but “like he’d known, somehow, that he was needed.” This detail elevates their connection beyond mere convenience, suggesting a bond that operates on an intuitive, subconscious level. This is a common and powerful element in BL narratives, where the connection between the partners is often portrayed as a force of destiny. Their union is presented not as a simple solution to Sunny’s problems, but as the creation of a new relational ecosystem where Sunny can finally begin the work of healing himself, with Lin serving as the essential, life-sustaining environment.

Conflict & Tension Arcs

The narrative skillfully weaves together multiple layers of conflict, creating a rich and resonant emotional arc within the chapter. The primary driver is the external conflict initiated by David, whose verbal assault on Sunny represents a lifetime of familial and societal pressure. This external threat acts as a catalyst, immediately triggering Sunny’s deep-seated internal conflict: the battle between his conditioned response of passive dissociation and a burgeoning, terrified desire to assert his own reality. For years, the former has won, but the introduction of a new element—Lin—changes the stakes and the outcome.

The arrival of Lin introduces a new interpersonal tension, shifting the central conflict from Sunny versus David to a more complex dynamic of David versus the united front of Lin and Sunny. Lin’s quiet defiance and unwavering support for Sunny escalate the tension by refusing to play by David’s rules. The climax of this arc is not a physical confrontation but a verbal one, with Sunny’s raw, painful confession, "I wanted a father." This statement resolves the interpersonal conflict by utterly disarming David, who cannot counter the emotional truth of Sunny's words. His retreat signifies a complete and irrevocable shift in the power dynamic of the family system.

The resolution of the external conflict immediately gives way to the climax and resolution of Sunny’s internal one. With the threat removed, the adrenaline that fueled his defiance recedes, leaving him to face the overwhelming tide of his own long-suppressed emotions. This is where the conflict arc enhances intimacy most profoundly. Sunny’s breakdown and Lin’s immediate, gentle response transform the aftermath of a painful battle into a moment of unparalleled vulnerability and connection. The conflict, therefore, does not simply create drama; it serves as a crucible that burns away Sunny's old defenses and forges a new, foundational intimacy between him and Lin.

Intimacy Index

The chapter provides a nuanced exploration of intimacy, charting its progression from a state of painful self-containment to one of profound physical and emotional surrender. Initially, intimacy is inverted; Sunny’s only physical sensation is the self-inflicted pain of his fingernails digging into his palms, a desperate attempt to ground himself in the face of emotional onslaught. The introduction of Lin shifts the sensory landscape. The first hint of connection is the "warmth radiating off Lin’s body," a promise of comfort and life that stands in stark contrast to the "icy dread" his father inspires. This sensory language establishes Lin as a source of somatic safety long before any significant physical contact occurs.

Touch, or "skinship," is deployed with incredible care and weight. The first point of contact is Lin’s hand on Sunny’s shoulder, described as "gently, tentatively," demonstrating a respect for Sunny’s autonomy and a keen awareness of his fragile state. This careful gesture makes the subsequent embrace all the more powerful. When Sunny’s knees buckle, Lin’s grip becomes firm, a physical manifestation of his unwavering support. The act of being held is not presented as erotic but as a deeply primal form of care, fulfilling a fundamental need for comfort and security that has gone unmet since childhood. The details—the rough denim of the jacket, the earthy scent of Lin, the steady beat of his heart—create a rich, sensory tapestry of safety.

The "BL Gaze" is a critical component of their non-verbal intimacy. The first look from Lin is "sharp, protective," a gaze that is not for Sunny but about him, establishing Lin's role as guardian. Later, after the storm has passed, Lin’s gaze becomes "soft, unwavering," holding a "depth of compassion" devoid of pity. This look is a form of profound seeing; it acknowledges Sunny’s pain, honors his strength, and accepts his vulnerability without judgment. It is in this shared gaze that the final, unbreakable bond is forged. This look conveys a subconscious desire that is not yet about romance, but about a foundational need to protect, cherish, and belong to one another, creating an electrically safe space where true intimacy can finally take root.

Fantasy, Idealization & Tropes

The chapter effectively utilizes and subverts the classic BL trope of the "rescue fantasy." Lin’s arrival is the pivotal moment of rescue, yet it deviates from a traditional, overtly heroic model. He does not save Sunny through physical force or a dramatic verbal takedown of the antagonist. Instead, his rescue is psychological. He provides the emotional scaffolding that allows Sunny to rescue himself. This subtle reframing elevates the trope, focusing on empowerment rather than simple salvation. Lin’s character embodies an idealized form of emotional intelligence and attunement; his timing is perfect, his words are precise, and his presence is preternaturally calming. This idealization serves the core fantasy of the narrative: the longing for a partner who understands intuitively and provides safety unconditionally.

This idealized portrayal of Lin amplifies the emotional stakes and heightens the sense of catharsis for both Sunny and the reader. In a world of messy, imperfect communication, Lin represents a fantasy of perfect understanding. His ability to see past Sunny’s defensive numbness to the core of his pain, and to know exactly how to intervene without overstepping, fulfills a deep-seated desire for being truly seen. This heightened reality is a cornerstone of the BL genre, which often creates emotionally intense scenarios to explore the depths of connection and the healing power of a perfect partnership. The fantasy is not that problems disappear, but that there is someone who will stand with you, unwavering, as you face them.

Furthermore, the dynamic draws on the protective Seme/vulnerable Uke archetype, but imbues it with a modern psychological depth. Sunny’s vulnerability is not a passive or fetishized trait but a direct result of trauma, making his need for protection feel urgent and real. Lin’s protective nature is not possessive or controlling but nurturing and affirming. By grounding these familiar tropes in a realistic exploration of mental health and familial abuse, the story creates a powerful emotional resonance. It allows the reader to engage with the satisfying fantasy of the ideal protector while also connecting with a genuine and moving story of survival and healing.

Social Context & External Pressures

The primary external pressure shaping the narrative is the suffocating weight of familial expectation, embodied entirely by the character of David. He represents a patriarchal and traditionalist worldview where a son’s value is measured by his adherence to a prescribed path of ambition and success. His criticisms are not merely the complaints of a disappointed father; they are judgments rendered from a specific and rigid social script. The living room, typically a space of family intimacy, is weaponized as a stage for this judgment, transforming it into a place of psychological torment for Sunny. David's presence and his words are the manifestation of a society that often prioritizes external achievement over internal well-being.

Lin’s intervention offers a radical counter-narrative to this pressure. He represents a chosen family, a bond formed not through blood obligation but through mutual respect, empathy, and genuine care. His quiet defiance implicitly rejects David’s entire value system. By standing with Sunny, Lin validates a different way of being—one that prioritizes emotional health and self-acceptance. Sunny’s climactic statement, comparing Lin’s fatherly presence to David’s absence, is the ultimate repudiation of the biological imperative. It suggests that the roles of "father" or "family" are not titles to be inherited but actions to be earned through presence and love. This redefinition of family is a central theme in much of queer literature, which often explores the creation of supportive networks outside of traditional, and sometimes hostile, family structures.

The conflict also touches upon the dynamics of queer identity, albeit subtly. While the characters' sexualities are not explicitly discussed in this scene, David’s use of the term "hangers-on" carries a dismissive, slightly coded contempt for Sunny's social circle, which could be interpreted as a rejection of a lifestyle or community he doesn't understand or approve of. Lin and Sunny’s bond, characterized by its deep emotional intimacy and physical tenderness between two men, stands in direct opposition to the rigid, emotionally distant model of masculinity David represents. Their connection, forged in the face of patriarchal judgment, becomes a quiet act of resistance, creating a safe, queer space within the very room where that judgment was being passed.

Symbolism, Motifs & Narrative Lens

The narrative employs potent symbolism to mirror the characters' psychological states, with the physical space of the living room serving as the primary vessel. At the outset, the "thick" air, like "breathing through a wet cloth," is a tangible metaphor for the suffocating nature of Sunny’s trauma and his father's oppressive presence. It is an atmosphere that chokes out life and hope. Lin’s arrival acts as a symbolic opening of a window, and by the chapter's end, the air has transformed, becoming "breathable again. Maybe even clean." This shift in the sensory quality of the room directly reflects the internal cleansing Sunny experiences, the release of years of toxic emotional buildup.

The front door serves as a recurring motif that marks critical shifts in power and boundaries. Lin’s initial entrance is quiet, almost spectral, signifying his ability to permeate the toxic bubble David has created. His deliberate act of closing the door behind him is a symbolic gesture of containment and protection, signaling that the rules of this space are about to change. David’s final exit through the same door, punctuated by a "definitive finality," represents his ultimate expulsion and the permanent redrawing of the home's emotional boundaries. The door is no longer just an entryway but a membrane separating the world of past trauma from the potential for a new, safer reality.

The narrative lens is tightly fixed on Sunny’s internal experience, creating a deeply empathetic and immersive reading experience. We are privy to his somatic sensations—the cold prickle of fear, the warmth from Lin’s body, the grounding feel of denim against his cheek. This close third-person perspective ensures that we understand his actions and reactions not as melodrama, but as the direct consequences of his internal state. This alignment makes Lin’s arrival feel as revelatory to the reader as it is to Sunny. We experience the relief and the dawning sense of safety through Sunny’s senses, allowing the emotional impact of the story to land with profound weight and authenticity.

Time, Pacing & Rhythm

The chapter’s emotional power is significantly shaped by its deliberate manipulation of time and pacing. The opening scene unfolds in a suffocating slow-motion, where each of David’s simmering accusations stretches time, making the moments feel interminable. This slowed pace effectively mirrors Sunny’s subjective experience of being trapped in a trauma response, where the world seems to move sluggishly around a central point of dread. The narrative rhythm is oppressive and heavy, reflecting the weight on Sunny’s chest and the difficulty he has drawing breath.

Lin’s arrival shatters this rhythm, creating a moment of absolute temporal suspension. The "sudden silence" is so profound that time itself seems to freeze, a narrative intake of breath before the scene’s entire dynamic is reset. Following this caesura, the pacing becomes tense and clipped. The dialogue exchange is a series of short, sharp volleys that quicken the pace and escalate the tension towards its breaking point. This acceleration mirrors the rising adrenaline within Sunny, building momentum until he is finally able to break his own silence with a torrent of words.

After David’s departure, the pacing shifts once more, decelerating into a gentle, restorative rhythm. Sunny's emotional collapse and the subsequent scene of comfort unfold slowly, allowing space for the gravity of the catharsis to be fully felt. Time expands to accommodate the depth of his grief and the tenderness of Lin’s care. The final moments of the chapter are quiet and still, characterized by a "post-storm calm." This masterful control over pacing—from suffocating slowness to a frozen stop, to a tense acceleration, and finally to a gentle adagio—guides the reader through the full arc of Sunny’s emotional journey, making the final feeling of safety and relief a deeply earned and resonant conclusion.

Character Growth & Self-Acceptance

This chapter serves as a crucible for Sunny’s character, documenting a pivotal moment of growth from passive endurance to active self-advocacy. Initially, we meet him in a state of regression, reverting to the childhood coping mechanism of dissociation in the face of his father’s attacks. His growth begins with the surprising utterance of “He’s relying on himself,” a phrase that seems to emerge from a part of him he didn't know existed. This verbal act is the first crack in the dam of his learned helplessness, a nascent claim to his own autonomy and worth. Supported by Lin’s silent encouragement, he progresses from this single statement to a full, cathartic release of his grievances, finally giving voice to the neglected child within.

The most significant aspect of Sunny’s growth is his move toward self-acceptance, particularly the acceptance of his own "negative" emotions. His confession, “I… I hate him,” is a monumental step. It is an acknowledgment of a feeling he has likely been taught to suppress his entire life. Lin’s immediate validation of this anger is crucial, reframing it not as a moral failing but as a justified response to pain. This external permission allows Sunny to begin integrating his anger as a valid part of his experience. Furthermore, his ability to accept comfort from Lin without immediate apology marks a profound shift. He learns, in the space of this one encounter, that his feelings are not a burden and that he is worthy of care, laying the groundwork for a healthier sense of self.

Lin’s growth is more subtle but equally important. He transitions from the role of a concerned friend to that of a foundational support system, a chosen family member. In choosing to intervene, to stay, and to hold Sunny through his breakdown, Lin accepts a new level of responsibility and intimacy in their relationship. His actions demonstrate a commitment that transcends casual friendship. He learns the depth of Sunny’s wounds and, in doing so, solidifies his own role as a healer and protector. This shared experience reshapes both of their understandings of themselves and their bond, transforming their relationship into something far more profound and essential to both of their lives.

Final Message to the Reader

This chapter offers a profound meditation on the nature of strength and the mechanics of healing. It posits that true strength is not the stoic suppression of pain but the courage to become vulnerable in the presence of safety. Sunny’s journey from numb silence to a raw, tearful breakdown is not a descent into weakness but an ascent into authenticity. The narrative gently guides the reader to understand that the act of falling apart can be a necessary precursor to being put back together in a healthier, more integrated way. It highlights the quiet, revolutionary power of validation—the simple act of being seen and told that your feelings are legitimate can provide the leverage needed to shift a lifetime of negative self-perception.

Ultimately, the chapter leaves the reader with a resonant and hopeful message about the formation of connection and the definition of family. It suggests that the bonds that truly sustain us are not always the ones we are born into, but the ones we forge through shared understanding, unwavering presence, and protective love. Lin’s intervention is a testament to the idea that one person’s steady compassion can be enough to rewrite the toxic scripts handed down to us. The story offers a moment to reflect on the universal human need for an emotional home—a person or a place where we can finally lay down our armor, express the full spectrum of our being, and know that we are, unconditionally, safe.

BL Stories. Unbound.

This specific analysis explores the narrative techniques, thematic elements, and creative potential within its corresponding literary fragment.

Drawing a Line is an unfinished fragment from the BL Stories. Unbound. collection, an experimental storytelling and literacy initiative by The Arts Incubator Winnipeg and the Art Borups Corners Storytelling clubs. The collection celebrates Boys’ Love narratives as spaces of tenderness, self-discovery, and emotional truth. This project was made possible with funding and support from the Ontario Arts Council Multi and Inter-Arts Projects program and the Government of Ontario. We thank them for supporting literacy, youth-led storytelling, and creative research in northern and rural communities.

As Unfinished Tales and Short Stories circulated and found its readers, something unexpected happened: people asked for more BL stories—more fragments, more moments, more emotional truth left unresolved. Rather than completing those stories, we chose to extend the experiment, creating a space where these narratives could continue without closure.